Cause and effect 因果关系

标志词

1）表示原因的 because, as, since, due to, owing to ；

2）表示结果的 hence（因此），thus（因此），therefore（因此），As a consequence, …（作为结果）Accordingly…（相应的），As a result…（作为结果）Consequently…（作为结果） so…that…（如此…以致…）；

E.g. The ecological problems are being aggravated. Hence, it is imperative that we take measures to curb the pollution of the environment。

生态系统正在急剧的恶化，因此，我们必须采取严厉的措施遏制对环境的污染。

Exemplification 举例关系

标志词

…is a case in point。（某人或某事是一个恰当的例子。）Take…for example。（以…为例)）for instance. （比如…）To Illustrate…（例如…）As an illustration…（作为例证…）；

e.g. The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate. Take China for example, when youngsters go to the movies, it is standard practice for them to choose Hollywood blockbuster over domestic films。

亚洲国家正以一种惊人的速度变得西方化，以中国为例，当年轻人去电影院的时候，通常都会选择好莱坞大片而不是中国电影。

Comparison and contrast 对比关系

标志词

While …,whereas…,whilst…,in contrast

e.g. Whereas/ while modern man is so rushed and so stressed, our ancestors could often perform their business in a relaxed manner。（对比）

现代人的生活是如此的奔忙与紧张，而我们的祖先却可以不慌不忙的从事他们的事务。

e.g. The educational and medical facilities in big cities are mostly very advanced. In contrast, their counterparts in the country tend to be of inferior quality。

Concession 让步关系

标志词

Despite /in spite of …（后面只能跟名词 名词词组或者动名词）（尽管有…），albeit…（尽管，后面只能跟形容词或者介词短语），形容词+as it may be…（尽管，前面只能加形容词），Nonetheless/Nevertheless,（尽管如此）

e.g. 1、Tough as it may be to get accustomed to a new culture, it will prove very rewarding。

尽管适应新的文化可能很难，但这会被证明是很值得的。

2、Rote Learning is at times necessary, albeit monotonous。

死记硬背有时候是必要的，很枯燥和机械。

3、The government plays a crucial role in scientific research, Nonetheless, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research。

Definition 下定义关系

标志词

A is best characterized by…（A 最明显的特征是…），A constitutes…（A 构成…）A means…, A consists of …（A 由…组成）。

e.g. A fine journalist is best characterized by discipline, determination and keen observations。

一个好的记者最重要的特点是自律，毅力和敏锐的观察。

Animal experimentation, in some cases, constitutes callous abuse of test animals。

Supposition 假设论证

标志词

provided that…（如果） given the choice…（如果可以选择的话…）only if…（只有…）as long as…（只要） if…, suppose that…

e.g. Provided that we can minimize the pain of test animals, animal experimentation should be continued。

e.g. Given the choice, many people would live in big cities rather than the countryside。

Modification 修饰关系

标志词

that, which, who

In this day age, we have a proliferation of buildings that look exactly like the buildings our ancestors built。

Today, teenage students are under increasingly severe stress in their studies, which has disturbed and alarmed many adults。